Degradable Polymers and Plastics - Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Degradable Polymers and Plastics. Answer: Presentation: The moral test plainly showed by the article is that expansion in the plastic waste in the sea is a danger to the human wellbeing and the marine life. The plastic waste is deteriorating into littler particles that are devoured by fish in the ocean. The disaster is that the ocean nourishments people devour likewise contain small scale plastic substances that are unsafe to ones wellbeing. The basic moral inquiry which is additionally a focal test to preservationists and financial analyst is whether organizations ought to be insubordinate to this worldwide concern and hold centered to the conventional job of business of boosting benefits or they should utilize items, for example, biodegradable material to forestall human torment. It is upsetting that people couldn't care less about nature due to the famous propensity to utilize items contained in plastics and arrange off the plastics packs imprudently by the ocean side and the general condition. In general terms one my effectively reaso n that the people are commonly uninformed, in any case, this may dominatingly not be the situation. Most importantly, the predominant contention in this paper is that individual characteristically have not grasped conceivable moral practices as for security of nature and sound. As indicated by the British Plastics Federation (2008) around 4 percent oil that is delivered in a year made into plastic which are utilized by organizations in bundling items and making pipes. Mitchell (2015) contends that the interest for plastic items has been expanding quickly. It has been contended that in 2009, the all out creation of plastics in the globe added up to roughly 230 millions tones (Sesini, 2011). Hopewell et al. (2009) contends that 50 percent of the plastic that is created on the planet is just utilized once and arranged. Such a pace of removal represents a genuine danger to nature and the human life. The plastic items that are created by numerous organizations are not biodegradable and along these lines they stay in the earth and the oceans for quite a while (Andrady, 1994). In any case, Swift and Wiles (2004) fight that plastic waste may not be sturdy particularly in territories that experience high temperatures and unreasonable daylight. It is informational to not that the plastic break into little pieces that structure plastic flotsam and jetsam which collects in the earth and the ocean along these lines harming nature (Oehlmann et al. 2009). It creates the impression that most shoppers favor plastic items since they are dispensable. A few examples have recommended that the utilization of biodegradable plastics is probably going to diminish the polymer contamination in the earth (North, and Halden, 2013).On the hand reusing of the plastic waste additionally essentially lessens the measure of plastic waste that is arranged (Hopewell et al., 2009). Eden ( 1996) contend that in spite of the fact that the administration may paly a noteworthy job in diminishing the presentation of plastic riches to the earth, such a measure may be powerful and effective if open support is thought of. A larger part of researchers appear to concur that people ought to receive genius ecological moral practices to diminish the impacts of plastic waste on the hum an life (Azeem et al., 2013). Utilitarianism is a hypothesis in morals that depends on the joy and agony standard which was started by Jeremy Bentham (Glover, 1990). As indicated by the utilitarian hypothesis the results of an activity is the thing that decides whether an activity is moral or not (Shaw, 1999). Types of this hypothesis contend that the person ought to appreciate the best satisfaction and insignificant agony. An activity is moral if its results carry delight to the individual. It is clear that organizations that make plastics items ought to adjust their activities to advance delight and bliss and people. As indicated by the utilitarian hypothesis the results of assembling plastics is that they represent a peril to the wellbeing of people and the earth which they live in. The flood in the plastic flotsam and jetsam in the oceans and nature annoy the rule of most noteworthy joy and insignificant torment. Notwithstanding, business association can limit the impacts of the plastic garbage in the earth by grasping corporate social obligation practices, for example, reusing the plastic and cleaning the seas (Renouard, 2011). A business ought to figure its net advantage of the moves that it makes (Norman, 2013). This infers it should put on a size of balancer the advantages of an activity and the negative marks. The essential objective of deciding the net advantage is to guarantee that the negative impacts of any activity don't exceed the advantages. It is obvious that plastic waste makes hurt the marine life since they devour it. Nature likewise experiences gigantic contamination and creatures ashore devour the plastics. Individuals likewise in a roundabout way expend the plastics since ocean and land creatures are a significant wellspring of food. Then again, the advantage of plastic is that they are expendable packs and advantageous when used to bundle items. What's more plastics items, for example, pipes have likewise been utilized in developments. As indicated by the utilitarian hypothesis it is judicious to take note of that utilization of plastics causes more damage than anything else. Despite the fact that plastics advantage people they elective biodegradable materials can be utilized in bundling and steel can be utilized in making pipes. Kant set up the deontological hypothesis which expresses that a demonstration that is moral is controlled by the obligation that one has. In a perfect world it depends on an ethical commitment that one characteristically ought to consistently embrace (White, 2004). On the hand Kant set up the Categorically Imperative which is a preeminent good standard that is utilized to figure out what is normal. As per Kant, an individual ought to have a cooperative attitude which is the core values that decides one activity (Rawls, 1980). Cooperative attitude decides the ethical move that one will make. An activity ought to be founded on an ethical obligation to act with a particular goal in mind. The Categorical Imperative in individuals ought to be a widespread application. In this way, an ethical activity as indicated by this hypothesis must be equipped for being applied generally (Rawls, 1980). In a perfect world, it the activity must be founded on common law. Organizations should proceed wit h the production of plastic materials given that it is good to do as such. As indicated by the ethical law it is appears to be mixed up to cause human anguish or passing when it tends to be maintained a strategic distance from. It is the ethical obligation of business to forestall this misery and in this manner it is important that they ought to reuse the plastic waste in nature. People exclusively have the ethical obligation to ensure the earth by taking activities that apply can have widespread constructive outcome. It tends to be contended that this standard can be applied all inclusive in light of the fact that an activity taken by singular influences numerous individuals inside their encompassing. In spite of the fact that Kant contends that ethical laws are inborn in individuals, it is basic upon business and the worldwide network to receive all inclusive good framework that will urge everybody to ensure the earth through safe removal plastic waste. It might be contended that organizations avoiding making plastic items may likewise have a positive widespread impact. In spite of the way that the job of a business is to make benefit it is against moral laws this ought to be done to the detriment of human life and languishing. The utilitarian hypothesis and the Kant hypothesis displayed two significant wandering perspectives. It is clear from the clarifications in is paper that the utilitarian hypothesis depends on the outcomes of a people activity. As per the utilitarian hypothesis the aftereffect of an activity is significant and the activity that offers ascend to the results may not be significant. An improper activity that offers ascend to positive results is viewed as legitimate as per the utilitarianism since it cases most prominent joy to the best number. Then again, the Kant hypothesis depends on an ethical obligation and not the outcomes. This hypothesis is unique in relation to the Utilitarianism since it centers around a move that is made by an individual as opposed to the results. The Kant hypothesis implies that an activity might be ethically right however the results might be destroying to the human life. The fundamental contention of this paper is that an activity ought to be founded on the results on the grounds that the outcomes immediaty affect human life. Business and people ought to consequently apply the utilitarian methodology which is the best model that will carry the best delight to the best number. References Andrady, A.L., 1994. Appraisal of ecological biodegradation of engineered polymers. Diary of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 34(1), pp.25-76. Azeem, M., Hassan, M. what's more, Kouser, R., 2013. What causes master ecological activity: Case of business graduates, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 24(12), pp.1642-1650. English Plastics Federation, 2008. Oil Consumption. Accessible at: https://www.bpf.co.uk/Press/Oil_Consumption.aspx [Accessed April 27, 2017]. Eden, S., 1996. Open investment in natural approach: thinking about logical, counter-logical and non-logical commitments. Open comprehension of science, 5(3), pp.183-204. Glover, J., 1990. Utilitarianism and its Critics. Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R. what's more, Kosior, E., 2009. Plastics reusing: difficulties and openings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), pp.2115-2126. Mitchell, A., 2015. Thinking without the circle: marine plastic and worldwide morals. Political Geography, 47, pp.77-85. Norman, W., 2013. Partner hypothesis. The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. North, E.J. furthermore, Halden, R.U., 2013. Plastics and ecological wellbeing: the street ahead. Surveys on ecological wellbeing, 28(1), p

Business Plan

Statement of purpose Sound Noise, a State of Indiana S Corporation, spotlights eccentric music, product and diversion normally dominated by standard belief systems. It addresses the mutual encounters of Generation Y and The Urban Trendsetter. It gives reasonable pay to its workers, a reasonable come back to its proprietors, and a reasonable eminence to its artists.Goals * Establish and develop The Company into a full assistance record name, promoting ND interactive media organization * Create a constant flow of income from record deals, advanced deals, promoting, authorizing and live exhibitions Keys to Success * Focus on making a predictable stream of top notch melodies and music related items * take care of issues with Independent showcasing, special and publicizing spending plans * Ensure items are conveyed on schedule, monetary are overseen adequately, advertising and limited time spending plans are observed, and create effective development techniques * Focus on web nearness and building the establishment for a conspicuous web brand Financial Requirements Sound Noise (in the future alluded to as The Company) looks for a capital mixture of $100,000 to keep expanding on the establishment previously settled by the organization. This cash will be utilized to take care of expenses related with making a predictable stream of music related items, advertising, advancement, and working capital important to build up and develop The Company into an effective sight and sound association. We intend to reimburse the parity of this advance sum in the range of around three years. We additionally plan to promptly start reimbursement of the advance Interest at a pace of 6% or $500 per month.Further data with respect to these strategies is sketched out later in this arrangement. Items AND SERVICES Our present wellsprings of salary incorporate yet are not constrained to the accompanying rundown of items and administrations: * Retail deals of Cads. DVDs and other interactive media groups * Sales of T-shirts, Jackets, visit books and other special product * Royalties and expenses earned from exhibitions of accounts on radio and TV, on the Internet, in motion pictures, and in business scenes, for example, cafés and clubs * Li ve Performances Recorded Music Sound Noise will spend a huge part of their imaginative vitality on composing melody verses ND forming music.The organization focuses on creating and recording a constant flow of top notch music for open utilization to rise to no under two tunes tots chains, at live shows and over the web by means of different on the web and disconnected merchants and aggressors. The Company will likewise sell computerized music in the accompanying configurations: Complete Album Downloads, Full Track Downloads, Mobile Only Full Track Downloads, Polyphonic Rhinestones, and Arranging Tones. We intend to make these things accessible through organized authorizing concurrences with famous online retail (I. E. I Tunes, Music, and Rhapsody). Marketing ere Company will fabricate and deliver an enormous assortment of product at the least conceivable costs.Every bit of product, when sold, turns into a living bit of promoting for our undertakings, making a double advantage for our organization and its purchasers. These things will incorporate however are not constrained to the accompanying: T-shirts, CDC, Posters, Sweatshirts, Hats, Jackets and different collectibles. Live Performance ere Company will concentrate on live execution settings and the associations with booking specialists as a showcasing and promoting supplement to drive record and reassigning deals. Authorizing As the proprietor of the bosses and the distributer of our own list of tunes, The Company is ensured a specific heap of rights by law. Since we own all the rights, any individual who wishes to utilize our tune should initially get our permission.A film or IV demonstrate requirements to obtain just two of these rights: the option to utilize the real chronicle (our lord), and the option to utilize the hidden organization that the ace depends on (our melody). The authorization we offer them to utilize the ace is offered as an agreement called an ace use permit. The authorization we offer them to utilize the melody itself is offered as another agreement called a synchronization permit. Both these licenses can be joined into one understanding if the distributer and ace proprietor a re one in the equivalent. Promoting PLAN ere Companys showcasing will spin around 4 essential on the web and disconnected mediums: Radio, Reviews, Road and Retail.Sound Noise will utilize the methodologies of this intend to assault each of the four standards at the same time through the span of the following three years. This Nail decide the genuine estimation of The Companys music and legitimacy of our business. To et the vast majority of these 4 mediums we should initially set up a cleaned and expert press pack and update our online nearness. The Company clarifies in more detail underneath. The expenses for these things are recorded in the Start up Cost spreadsheet in the Financial Statement. Proficient Press Kit Includes: geology An expert one page memoir will be composed to give press, radio and fans with a total succinct story behind the music of The Company. Photograph Shoot A full help advanced photograph shoot will be performed to give high goals mages to The Companys Namespace Page, Blob and Press Kits; both on the web and disconnected. Electronic Press Kit - An online variant of The Companys press unit will be made and kept up to take into consideration simple access to floggers, Journalist and different press outlets to cover its music. * Download Cards Similar to tunes, this plastic or reused cardboard business card estimated gift vouchers accompany an exceptional download code to be entered on the web that will gather information about the fan downloading (I. E. ;mail, address, postal division, age, and so forth ) * CD Manufacturing Professionally duplicate of The Companys most recent discharges. Online Presence * Customized Namespace Layout another format will be structured and distributed at http://www. Namespace. Mother/half-conscious to boost fan understanding and brand presentation on the #1 music revelation goals on the web. * The Sound Noise Backbone another Backbone format will be planned and distributed to NNW. Spine. Com/half-awake. Performers will likewise get their own new planned Backbone page. Spine will be refreshed week after week with amps, pictures, video and analysis from The Company. The mass will fill in as a two path correspondence between The Company its fans and partners. When the expert press unit and refreshed online nearness is finished, The Company will push ahead in introducing The Companys items to the mediums that are delineated and sketched out in detail on the accompanying pages.Reviews ere Company will do as much as possible to viably advance ourselves in the press; anyway we foresee the requirement for a full time marketing specialist. * The Company will pay a full time proficient marketing expert at a pace of $500 every month to make sure about meetings and surveys in both on the web and disconnected distributions. The initial phase in helping the marketing specialists is to incorporate a rundown of proper press accounts (I. E. Outlets) in our objective racket school press, nearby magazines and papers, fanzines, online press and media, and so on. Note that our rundown will incorporate press that isn't basically centered around music, however which music fans read for instance, design or auto magazines.Evaluation of our press and exposure endeavors will incorporate the observing and following of single, collection and show audits, just as meetings and highlights with respect to our mark and its demonstrations. Radio ere Company will do as much as possible to successfully elevate our record ourselves to business and school radio; anyway we envision the requirement for a free radio advertiser. The Company will pay an expert school radio advertiser at a pace of $500 every month to make sure about radio twists on BEDS/COM followed radio broadcasts. What's more, The Company intends to utilize exceptionally persuasive online administrations to advertise its music to radio. These administrations will be paid at a pace of $1,000 every month. We will help the endeavors of the radio advertiser by making a complete rundown of station dat a. Overhauling radio includes giving the MD, PDP, Dos and Promotions/Marketing Director with full-length CDC and singles, and refreshing suitable radio work force with data on our demonstrations and advancements with our name (new rents, up and coming shows to add to the show schedule, unique advancements in the territory, T-shirts, banners, flyers, and so on ). Assessment of our radio advancement endeavors will Include the checking and following of advertisements, level of revolution and generally speaking graph measurements (Billboard, BEDS, and College Music Journal). Street En intend to Join The National Association of Campus Activities to boost the quantity of paid gigs every year. These shows effectively become multi media occasions a spot to sell Cads and other product. * The participation rate for the NCAA is $750 as portrayed in the beginning area in the money related arrangement. The Company will likewise SE web based booking offices to discover prominent, paid gig. We will pay those administrations an aggregate of $500 every month. Retail Marketing While nobody component of our showcasing blend is a higher priority than the other, we will tie however much of our advertising endeavors into retail as could reasonably be expected. The initial step will be to assemble an exhaustive rundown of music masses that bode well for The Company. Furthermore, we will support the online record stores (I. E. tunes, Rhapsody, music, Amazon MPH, All and that's only the tip of the iceberg) with current discharges, special material, and purpose of procurement promoting. * The expense of dispersing The Companys item will be TA pace of $100 every month. Online vs..Offline The Straddle is a term authored by teacher/flogger George Howard to clarify the contrast among on the web and disconnected market. The equalization demonstration important to use the two universes is something that isn't so regularly discussed, yet one that best demonstrations are as of now doing. * The expense of on the web and disconnected promotion will cost the organization $1 500 every month For independe

Topics of Essay - Easy For All Students

Topics of Essay - Easy For All StudentsA topic of the essay is a short essay that is selected for a specific class. Topic essays are usually unique to the subject of study, and can either be a research paper or a critical report. In a single class it is possible for a student to write one topic of essay on every subject she would normally write.The different topics of essay vary in subject matter and length. Some examples are: the philosopher, the philosopher's stone, the law of attraction, the 'truth about religion', the mysteries of the universe and many more. The major reason for the increased interest in topic essays is that they are an easy way to learn more about a particular topic and enhance the student's self-esteem. It will allow the student to learn more about her subject and discover her own thoughts on the subject.It is possible to improve your grade by focusing on a new subject with a topic essay. You may find that the subject of your topic essay would play a crucial ro le in the grades you receive for your grade.When you select a topic of the essay, you should think about how well prepared you are. If you find yourself losing interest in the assignment before it has even begun, it might be a good idea to take a break from the subject before beginning the topic.After selecting a topic of essay you need to prepare a research outline for your topic. You will need to think of a plan on how you will construct the topic essay and how you will structure the main body of the paper. In this way you will ensure that your topic is very interesting and at the same time also easy to understand.By building a good research outline for your topic you will create an outline which will enable you to write your topic. You may also want to consider taking a short essay writing course to help you with the different parts of your topic essay. In conclusion, if you would like to enhance your knowledge and understanding of a topic you should think about writing a topic o f the essay. Doing so will enhance your academic performance as well as encourage you to think of new topics. Good luck!

Essay on Economics - 730 Words

Ep = - 0.36, P = 4 -0.36 = 4/(4-a) -0.36 (4-a) = 4 0.36a = 5.4 a = 5.4/0.36 = 15 Consider the following production functions: ? Y = 10K1/2L1/2 ? Y = 2K + 3L a. Fixing labor employment (L) at 16 units, what is the marginal product of capital when capital employment is 25, 35, and 45 for each production function? Do these production functions exhibit diminishing returns to capital employment? Explain. b. Are labor and capital complements under these production functions? Explain. c. Do these production functions have the property of constant returns to scale? Explain. d. Is either production function a â€Å"Cobb-Douglas† function? Explain. ï‚ · n economics, the Cobb–Douglas functional form of production functions is widely used to represent†¦show more content†¦There is now doubt over whether constancy over time exists. History Paul Douglas explained that his first formulation of the Cobb–Douglas production function was developed in 1927; when seeking a functional form to relate estimates he had calculated for workers and capital, he spoke with mathematician and colleague Charles Cobb, who suggested a function of the form Y = bL^kC^{1-k}, previously used by Knut Wicksell. Estimating this using least squares, he obtained a result for the marginal productivity of capital k to 0.75—which was subsequently confirmed by the National Bureau of Economic Research to be 0.741. Later work in the 1940s prompted them to allow for the exponents on C and L to vary, resulting in estimates that subsequently proved to be very close to improved measure of productivity developed at that time.[1] A major criticism at the time was that estimates of the production function, although seemingly accurate, were based on such sparse data that it was hard to give them much credibility. Douglas remarked I must admit I was discouraged by this criticism and thought of giving up the effort, but there was something which told me I should hold on.[1] The breakthrough came in using US census data, which was cross-sectional andShow MoreRelatedEconomics And Economics On Economics Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we talk about economics we must first defined the word. Economics is a social science that studies human behavior and how to allocate our limited (scares) resources, efficiently and effectively to meet our unlimited human wants. Now as we dive deeper in to the field of economics we realized that there are two separate categories that the study of economics breaks off into. The first is macroeconomics, macroeconomics is the study of the whole picture when it comes to economics. Mac roeconomics willRead MoreEconomics : Economics And Micro Economics1238 Words   |  5 Pages Economics is the study of how our unlimited demand of certain things can be met by our limited amount of supply. For instance, if there was an unlimited amount of money for everyone, then everyone would have everything they had always wanted and would not have to work to get the money. Everyone would have billion dollar homes and the nicest cars in the world. Unfortunately, we do have a limited amount of money, so the economists find ways to get around that. 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The basic economic problem can be define as what to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. Some countries are lucky to have great naturalRead MoreEconomics999 Words   |  4 PagesManagerial Economics MIDTERM Exam What changes can you envision to the real economy, should Rifkin’s vision of a zero marginal cost society, become reality? For me, Jeremy Rifkin is a great social theorist. I’m mostly agreeing with him, with his conclusions and visions of the future economy. They looks like perfect and definitely it’s a â€Å"think big† way of delivering the information. His book â€Å"The Zero Marginal Cost Society† is must read, of course. Trigger is a zero marginal cost. I’m completelyRead MoreEconomics1000 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumer change, there will be a much greater change in the production output in the capital equipment required to make those consumer goods. This change in the production of capital equipment, that is , investment spending speeds up the rate of economic growth or slump Since we are focused on short-run business-cycle fluctuations here, it is reasonable to ignore changes in K/Y that may be associated with long-run advances in technology. 15 – 10 proportional to the level of output in t, Kt Read MoreEconomics1134 Words   |  5 PagesMF 7701 Managerial Economics Quiz #1 Fall 2014 Instructions: 1. You may work on this quiz alone or with as many other students as you wish. If you work with other students, please submit only one (common) answer. 2. You may not talk about this exam with anyone outside of the two managerial economics sections. 3. You may work with people from the other section if they are taking this course. In all cases, please submit only one, common answer. 4. 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A Note On Sound Money Amendment - 993 Words

Name: Speikes, Foster D. Date: 2/10/2016 Class: Robert Yowell Sound Money Amendment For as long as money has existed, governments have sought to control its supply for their own benefit. The ancient Romans, for instance, regularly debased their coins so that, by the end of the 3rd century AD, the actual content of silver had declined to less than 5% purity. The debasement of and inflation of the money supply has historically been a tool of governments to expand their power. In conventional economics, which this paper will assume as a positive background in defending the feasibility of a sound money amendment, the result is a redistribution of real wealth from savers to the government, the banking and finance system, and other†¦show more content†¦In other words, schemes of redistribution which are organized to counter the symptoms of government interference in sound money misdirect our focus from a cause (debasement of the currency for government and friend’s benefit at the expense of everyone else) to a â€Å"solution† proposed by the sam e organization which caused the problem! It would be like proposing to solve mob violence by making the Capo di tutti capi police chief. The amendment would therefore be formulated to prohibit government interference in the production of any money supply. All money would be private, with contracts between individual depositors, lenders, banks, and other financial parties being enforced like any other privately agreed contract. This is obviously a political impossibility at the moment, but the contemporary global socioeconomic order is poised for massive reforms in the wake of a collapse of the financial system and/or political revolutions. The regular operation of the global financial order is so thoroughly corrupted by government interference that all three political cultures would be able to agree that a sound money amendment would be an improvement. Individualists would be pleased that restrictions on the financial autonomy of individuals, communities, and other organizations wou ld be removed. At present, financial options for individuals and organizations are substantially restricted due to an

Stakeholder Involvement Management Theory †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Stakeholder Involvement Management Theory? Answer: Intrpoducation Tourism is a significant part of urban planning. In order to blend the modern and cultural perspectives in the development the participation of numerous stakeholders is necessary(Harrison Wicks, 2013). The community, travelers, employees, business owners, public and private developers are some of the crucial stakeholders. These are important because of they are the beneficiaries and they facilitate the successful completion of the project. However, the multilevel number of stakeholders tends to give rise to conflict of interests(Giezen, 2012). The stakeholder theory points out the importance of creating value across all parties involved including competitors and suppliers. The development of new streets cannot happen successfully without putting into consideration the peoples lifestyle, community needs and the local council plans. Available resources determine the extent to which the upgrade takes place. In the Brisbane plan, there is the priority and main plan. This is important be cause it prevents a conflict of interest. For example, the transformation of the riverfront considers Howard Smith Wharves, Queens Wharf and William Street precinct and City Reach as co-projects. Contemporary urban tourism influences change in location(Ashworth Page, 2011). Important factors influencing this change revolves around the Place and People elements. These shape the development of urban centers. The service industries in the project includes hotels, restaurants, shopping malls and recreation parks. Business travelers search for locations with amenities and quality services. Clean and green cities are a major attraction today. Internal and external stakeholders are important in complex multiple stakeholder projects(Waligo, Clarke, Hawkins, 2013) The City Bridges have a design that considers ways of crossing and connecting the city with its neighborhoods. The development of the Kangaroo point bridge and Victoria Bridge must have an insight of the best way to link with its neighbors. City Boulevards streets have a dynamic platforms that befits its users lifestyle of urban life. It improves culture, economy and city movements. As development planners consider giving city dwellers better roads, they also have to ensure the satisfaction and security of business owners. Focusing on Queen Street affects street users in Edward Street, Adelaide Street and Elizabeth Streets. In the same way, the development of a Green Spine with a subtropics corridor connecting Wickham and Roma Street Parkland comes as a boost to the City Botanic Gardens, Wickham and Roma Street beneficiaries. Grand projects require a multidisciplinary approach(Rydin, et al., 2012). The grand arrivals transit stations redeveloped to facilitate the transportation also shows a unique architecture and public space. This means it has intertwined projects like the central station and Roma Street station. Stakeholders profiling helps to clarify the extent of their involvement. For example the Transit city, provides convenient and comfortable travel within the high capacity transit system and it includes the revitalization of the underground system needs to match new development and city interconnections. This is visible in its distinctive architecture, which is a blend of the modern subtropical design and is natural beauty. Strategic development compliments the neighborhood plan and design with a subtropical heritage loop and its 24/7 event city which improves trading hours, considers the stakeholder value(Morrison, 2013). Therefore, the 2014 Brisbane plan ensures that the creative economic center provides a meeting place and creative industry to meet all kinds of nee ds. Brisbane is a haven for business and cultural tourists. Developing a successful business center needs consultations from all parties involved or affected. Street lighting benefits the businesses and assures visitors of security. Professionals in engineering, construction and project development come into play for a successful project. Culture as an important people element features greatly in this urban plan. The Howard Smith Wharves shows an exclusive destination with a landmark site filled with heritage details. Within the plan is the development of an environment that considers the peoples outdoor lifestyle. The location is a revitalized natural asset whose reflection resembles its geographical natural beauty and the dwellers heritage. It is also a tourist attraction center with events. The crucial economic factor is the people and places(Vanhove, 2011). The project has a framework and river walk link with refurbished building and it shows the redevelopment of a commercial location. Conflict of interest could arise between the Queens Wharf and William Street precinct because of the refurbished city buildings, venues of entertainment and waterfront city. Stakeholders here include the Ministry of local government, business owners, the Museum management and the Brisbane City Council. Employees working on the creat ion of beautiful sceneries like the Spring Hill to Kangaroo Point may detest poor salaries and unsafe working conditions. This stakeholder partnership agenda seeks to create a breathtaking retail environment with benefits such as an ample footpath, spacious green environment and improved buildings. It provides a beautiful public space with lighting and functional streets. In conclusion, the success of a city refurbishment plan involves the project workers, project managers, city dwellers, the business community and its ministries. The involvement of professionals in the project calls for consultations from all sectors. The technical and advisory teams work together to deliver a satisfactory location. People and place is an important factor in an urban development project because the location targets and involves people. The Brisbane plan is an example of a city development with a myriad of stakeholders. It includes development partners, beneficiaries and interested parties. Those affected in the project are the host community members, professional project developers, city visitors or travelers, the business community, the national government, local government and competitors. The people and place shapes the success of the service sector to determine the successful completion of the successful completion of the project. The development of Brisbane as a tourist and business location inputs attributes that attracts people to its places. Nature, landmark sites and heritage attractions are some of these attractions. Therefore, the refurbishment of a city must incorporate stakeholder interests. In order to avoid a conflict of interest, it is necessary to prioritize and to engage the stakeholders in the process. References Ashworth, G., Page, S. J. (2011). Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tourism Management, 32(1), 1-15. Giezen, M. (2012). Keeping it simple? A case study into the advantages and disadvantages of reducing compelxity in mega project planning. International Journal of Proect Management, 30(7), 781-790. Harrison, J. s., Wicks, A. C. (2013). Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. Business Ethics Quarterly , 97-124. Morrison, A. M. (2013). Market. Routledge. Rydin, Y., Bleahu, A., Davies, M., Davila, J. D., Friel, S., De Grandis, G., Lai, K. M. (2012). Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st Century. Lancet, 2079. Vanhove, N. (2011). The economics of tourism destinations. Routledge. Waligo, V. M., Clarke, J., Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism management, 36, 342-353.

Mattel Case free essay sample

By July 1997, the company had decided to build a wholly owned manufacturing facility in the Guangzhou region of southern China, starting production in 1999. The Asian currency crisis that ensued later that fall had reopened the build decision. It was now the beginning of March 1998 and all of the original options were once again under debate. While in the US, Ron had met with his boss Joe Gandolfo, President of Worldwide Manufacturing Operations and learned that he would be reassigned within the next month to oversee die-cast car operations. An ex-lawyer who had lived and worked in Hong Kong for nearly fifteen years, Montalto was a Senior Vice President and had been responsible for companys Vendor Operations Asia division (VOA) which managed Mattels outsourced production. Mattel began the vendor operation program in 1988 hoping to add flexibility to the companys traditional in-house manufacturing. Montalto had spent the last ten years developing VOA into one of Mattels most valuable strategic assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Mattel Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1997 it was responsible for manufacturing products that generated nearly 25% of the toy companys total revenue. The Tyco merger resulted in VOA manufacturing products that generated an additional $350 million in revenues for the Mattel organization. The majority of those revenues came from a combination of Tyccfs Matchbox die-cast cars, its line of radio-controlled (RC) cars, its View [emailprotected] series nd products from its Sesame Street license. With demand for This case was written by M. Eric Johnson and Tom Clock. It is written for class discussion and not to illustrate effective or ineffective management practices. Some names and facts have been changed. 0 2002 Trustees of Dartmouth College. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint, contact the Tuck School of Business at 603-646-3176. 2. Mattel, Inc. no. 1-0013 Matchbox cars at 64 million units in 1997 and growing, die-cast capacity concerned Montalto the most. Tyco manufactured the cars through Joint- venture arrangements in Shanghai and Bangkok. Both of the Joint ventures were minority share partnerships which raised questions for Mattel in the future. Whats more, the quality of Matchbox products had been eroding for years and was manufacturing plants were becoming obsolete. Though it might be possible to upgrade the existing Tyco operation in Bangkok, Mattel saw little hope of expanding the Shanghai operation. Mattel owned a state-of-the-art die-cast facility that was operating at full capacity in Penang Malaysia (see Exhibit 1). Expanding that facility significantly beyond its 1997 volume of 120M cars would be expensive and omplicated. There was no room for further building on the site and no available land adjacent to the plant. The proposed China facility would solve the capacity problems. However with the financial storm sweeping through Asia, some executives inside Mattel argued that they should reconsider building a new plant in Malaysia to concentrate die-cast production in a single country. Others felt that they should consider Indonesia as a way to take advantage of low labor costs and very attractive exchange rates. Mattel currently operated a plant in Indonesia that produced [emailprotected] dolls. Montalto had to decide whether Mattel should go forward with the new China plant, build a plant in Malaysia or Indonesia, expand one of the existing facilities, or outsource the surplus die-cast volume through VOA. Company Background Based in California, Mattel, Inc designed, manufactured, and marketed a broad variety of toy products. The companys core product lines included Barbie fashion dolls, Hot Wheels die- cast toy vehicles, Cabbage Patch Kids, Fisher-Price preschool toys, and Disney toys. Most of these toys were made overseas, primarily in southeast Asia. Mattel had wholly owned manufacturing facilities in China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mexico, and Italy. Mattel was founded in 1944 by Elliot and Ruth Handler. Neither Elliot nor Ruth had much business experience or capital, but they both had dreams. The post World War II demographics of a huge baby boom plus a virtually toyless marketplace provided a unique opportunity to gain a place in a growing toy market. Mattels first products, simple picture frames and doll house furniture, met with mixed success. The first really big hit was a music box. By partnering with another toy inventor, they developed a music box that could be mass-produced, dramatically reducing its cost. The product went on to sell more than 50 million units over the next 20 years. By 1955, annual sales reached $5 million and the Handlers decided to take a gamble that would forever change the toy business. In what seemed at the time a risky investment, the Handlers signed a 52 week contract with ABC Television to sponsor a 15-minute segment of Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse Club at a cost of $500,000 a sum equal to Mattels net worth at the time. Up until this move, most toy manufacturers relied on retailers to promote their products. Prior advertising occurred only around the holiday season. The popular daily kids show made the Mattel brand well known Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth 2 3. Mattel, Inc. no. 1-0013 among the viewing audience, translating quickly into sales. The success of the Handlers pact with kids TV started a marketing revolution in the toy industry. Mattel made toy industry history again in 1959 with the introduction of Barbie. Ruth Handler got the idea for the toy after watching her daughter play with adult looking paper dolls. In spite of the cool reception to the Handlers teenage fashion doll at the 1959 New York Toy Fair, the early sales quickly signaled a winning roduct. With the success of Barbie, Mattel made its first public stock offering and by 1963 was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In the next two years Mattels sales model cars in 1968 was another spectacular success making Mattel the worlds largest toy company by the end of the decade. Unfortunately, the Handlers good fortune in the toy industry was quickly tarnished. Plagued by operational problems including a fire in their Mexican plant and shipping strikes that interrupted the flow of goods from Asia, Mattels growth stumbled. In 1973, Mattel was caught issuing misleading financial reports. The SEC filed charges against the Handlers and a federal Judge ordered Mattel to restructure the board, forcing the Handlers out. Under a new management team, Mattel regained profitability and started diversifying into other childrens products including publishing and entertainment. At first the acquisitions looked promising, but poor performance during the 1980s forced Mattel to divest of many at steep losses. By 1987, Mattel had fallen into even deeper trouble with heavy losses in video games. The stock had lost two-thirds of its value since 1982, forcing the board to appoint a new chairman John Amerman, who had Joined he company in 1980 as head of Mattels international division. Amerman charted a new strategy for Mattel, closing 40% of the companys manufacturing capacity, including plants in California, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Most important, Amerman focused the company on its core brands such as Barbie and Hot Wheels, and by making selective investments in the development of new toys. The Barbie line was expanded to include approximately 50 different dolls per year with many new accessory items. A promotional campaign built around Barbies 30th birthday in 1989 propelled her onto the cover of Smithsonian Magazine, confirming her status as a rue American icon. The Barbie make-over was so effective that from 1987 to 1992 sales shot up from $430 million to nearly $1 billion, accounting for more than half of the companys $1. 85 billion in sales. At that time, Mattel estimated that 95% of all girls in the United States aged 3 to 11 owned Barbie dolls. In 1991, a strengthened strategic alliance with The Walt Disney Company allowed Mattel to expand its development of Disney toys. Mattel negotiated the exclusive rights to sell dolls, stuffed characters, and preschool toys based upon such movie classics as the Lion King, The Hunch Back of Notre Dame, and Hercules.

ABORTION misc00 essays

ABORTION misc00 essays During the past century, abortion has joined race and war as one of the most debatable subjects of controversy in the United States. The issue of abortion causes discussions about human interactions where ethics, emotions and law come together. There are many reasons why women decide to have abortions. Some women have abortions because of health complications, some have marital problems, and some lack responsibility. Whatever the reasons a woman decides to have an abortion, it seems only justified that she should be able to make decisions in regards to her life and body. The decisions that she makes in regards to what she does with her body and the fetus will be beneficial to both the woman and the fetus because it will prevent many problems from occurring in the future. If a woman were to have an unwanted baby, she may neglect or even abuse the child causing the child to go into the care of the government. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is unfair to the innocent child and the woman. The government has no valid reason in bringing an unwanted life into the world. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is not helpful to the parents, the child and the government, because if the parents cannot take care of the child, eventually, the government will be responsible for the child. The right to have an abortion is personal and essential to a womans life, because having a baby in ones life causes dramatic changes. Pregnancy and childbirth can prevent women from keeping and getting jobs. When women are pregnant many employers do not want to hire them because when the woman has a baby, the company or employer must still pay her for the time that she is out of work by law. Also, raising a baby and providing for all the needs that a child has is a lot of money, which can create an insufficient income for many women. Another factor that imposes on women when they have children is the amount of time they have for themsel...

Aldi Inc Strategic Swot Analysis Review Essay Example for Free

Aldi Inc Strategic Swot Analysis Review Essay Summary Aldi, Inc. (Aldi) is a grocery retailing company. The company’s stores supply various food and general merchandise such as fresh meat and produce; refrigerated and frozen foods; snacks and sweets; bakery, dairy, pantry items and beverages. In addition, it also offers skincare and beauty products, house hold must have products, and beer and wines. Aldi operates over 1,200 stores in the US and sells over 1,400 of the most frequently purchased grocery and household items in manageable, non-bulk packaging. It operates as a subsidiary of ALDI Einkauf GmbH & Co. oHG. The company is headquartered in Batavia, Illinois, the US Our Aldi, Inc. provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and major products and services. This up-to-the-minute company report will help you to formulate strategies to drive your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better. Scope – Business description – A detailed description of the company’s operations and business divisions. – Corporate strategy – Our summarization of the company’s business strategy. – SWOT analysis – A detailed analysis of the company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. – Company history – Progression of key events associated with the company. – Major products and services – A list of major products, services and brands of the company. – Key competitors – A list of key competitors to the company. – Key employees – A list of the key executives of the company. – Executive biographies – A brief summary of the executives’ employment history. – Key operational heads – A list of personnel heading key departments/functions. – Important locations and subsidiaries – A list of key locations and subsidiaries of the company, including contact details. Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company. – Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research purposes. Key elements such as SWOT analysis and corporate strategy are incorporated in the profile to assist your academic or business research needs. – Identify potential customers and suppliers with this report’s analysis of the company’s business structure, operations, major products and services and business strategy. – Understand and respond to your competitors’ business structure and strategies with Our detailed SWOT analysis. In this, the company’s core strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are analyzed, providing you with an up to date objective view of the company. – Examine potential investment and acquisition targets with this report’s detailed insight into the company’s strategic, business and operational performance. Aldi Inc Strategic Swot Analysis Review. (2016, Sep 18).

Managing Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Managing Organisations - Essay Example Human capital requires motivation in order to produce the best. Happiness and employee satisfaction promotes high productivity in any organization. Additionally, psychology theories offer alternative management ways that are relevant in the organizational strategy of any institution. This article will analyse the significance of psychology knowledge to the managers as well as the challenges faced by the managers in their efforts to apply psychology knowledge in their management roles. Understanding the importance of the knowledge of psychology to the manager’s demands that we analyse the various psychology theories put forward by prominent psychology writers. The significance of these theories offers insight on the need to study them as a manager. These theories include: This theory was developed by Maslow and is commonly known as Maslow’s theory of needs. It is founded on the idea that individuals possess powerful cognitive reasons that influence them into working towards particular goals. Sources of motivations among individuals change as they proceed from basic needs to self-actualisation in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. A well-paying job can be a great source of motivation for individuals at the initial stage of the hierarchy of needs. As the individual progresses the motivators change and finding meaning in the work, creativity and independence can be the new powerful motivators. Maslow called this compensation when a person is motivated and gives more importance to competencies rather than meta-pay. Organisation of the work environment is very crucial given the changing needs of workers. The managers need to understand this aspect and utilise psychology to implement the necessary strategies to address this issue (Cherry, 2013). Psychology is important as it helps create self-awareness in the managers. They learn about their strengths and weaknesses, therefore, having total control of all

Information System Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Information System Strategy - Assignment Example The use of IT has been found to have many significant benefits spanning across all types of businesses and also across all the departments in any organization. IT has proven benefits for managerial, staff and employees and greatly improves the production and services offered by all business. Information technology has been found to impact greater flexibility in obtaining the required information. Access to internet and communication facilities results to litheness in most services offered by firms. Education, consultancy and health facility can be offered anywhere. Versatility is also improved by use of information technology. Different products and services are now offered in different forms and the outcome is greatly enhanced. Simplicity, enhancing security, opening regional and international markets, fostering cooperation among employees, improving services and products produced, providing panels for feedback information, promoting sales and marketing, reduction of labour costs ar e some of the major advantages of information technology. This paper evaluates the effects of information technology on the main areas of a business. This involves improving accessibility of information to employees, continuation of business, enhancing information availability and changing of the organization structure (Thorp, 1999i). Information technology enhances employee's collaboration w... Employees and members of staff can access company data through the use of broadband modem and to the desktop computer. This is coupled with the rapid development in methods of securing the network such that the information sent is private, secure and only accessed to those who have rights to view it. Mobile phones have also rapidly developed from the first generation phone to 3G (third generation) phone that have internet capabilities and multimedia services enabling workers to use their phone to access information. One such phone is the blackberry mobile phone that allows users to gain access to information from both the intranet and the internet. Black berry enterprise solution enables enterprises gain the wireless infrastructure that fosters cooperation among the employees, enhances the corporate culture and also inculcates adaptability and efficiency on the services offered by the firm. The use of mobile phone enables small and big firms gain pivotal managerial and product inform ation for any type of business irrespective of its size. Security issues by the blackberry have developed to a point where two factor authentication is now been used towards a secure wireless network. Through the use of this phone, employees and members of staff can access customer updates, office information, inventory updates, billing reports and notification of imperative business events information wherever they are (blackberry, 2006ii). These technologies have been applied in many organizations. Doctors and nurses can access vital patient record and information through the use PDA connected to the hospital via a server. This enhances sharing of information by both the doctors,

Toothbrushes and Tofu :: Short Story Papers

Toothbrushes and Tofu "Yay hyperchocolate hazelnut cake Yay apricot baklava Yay carrot cake and apple crisp Yay periwinkle dining room trim Yay co-ops" - Watermyn house journal, 1986 The co-op is on the corner of Waterman and Governor streets, hunkered there like an old man, into a dilapidated permanence. Two enormous cherry trees occupy the front yard; in the fall their golden leaves are left in peace to coat the lawn until they rot or blow away. A tangled cluster of bicycles clings to a metal sculpture that is perched like an insect under the largest tree. The front garden sprouts renegade tomato plants and Echinacea flowers, long taken over with weeds, and a tin sign hangs feebly from a piece of yellow pipe, its faded letters announcing, "Watermyn Co-op Garden." The newly built front porch smells of wet, cut wood and supports a ratty looking couch, a small mosaiced table, and half a dozen un-opened Wall Street Journals. The Watermyn kitchen never fails to be a stimulating experience. This Sunday night is no exception. Ian and Allison chop vegetables, and the counters swim in piles of mushrooms, carrots, spinach, bowls of crumbled tofu and pans spread with thick pizza dough. Liz Phair plays on the stereo, just loud enough to inhibit a normal decibel of conversation. Old crumpled newspapers litter the two couches beneath the stereo, and rows of red-capped spices, cereal boxes and other assorted dried goods line the racks above the counters. Clippings, sketches and posters plaster the refrigerator and walls. Broken kitchen appliances are stuck above the fridge with black electrical tape and someone has scrawled above them in black marker, "Kitchen appliance graveyard - where all good cooking tools come to die." Ian is tall, with a warm smile and a worn-in look, faded and comfortable like someone's favorite sneakers. He groans as he opens up rotting bags of spinach, "How long has this been in the fridge? I'm not going to use this. Do you think I should use this? No, no one will want to eat this." Allison doesn't offer any suggestions. She smiles unconcernedly and slides an assembled pizza into the oven, holding her long brown hair back with one hand. Dinner is served at 6:30 and in a few minutes co-opers will begin to wander into the kitchen and common rooms, lured by the smell of cooking dough and stir-fried garlic.

Drug Testing and Ethics Essay

Is drug testing an unwarranted invasion of employee privacy? Which is more important–getting drugs out of the workplace or protecting the privacy of the employee? What about other health-threatening activities, i. e. smoking outside of working hours, unprotected sex, etc. Should employers be able to question or test employees or potential employees about these activities? Both of these scenarios are tricky ones. On the one hand, any employer would want to get drugs out of the workplace. On the other hand you don’t want to invade an employee’s privacy. At the same time some jobs may require employees to conform to a certain standard of behavior both on and off the job, but how much is too much? How much should be employees be judged and how high of a standard should be set. Where do we draw the line? Shaw and Barry in their text Moral Issues in Business state â€Å"A firm has a legitimate interest in employee conduct off the job only if it affects work performance† (Shaw & Barry 2010, p477). It can be argued that as long as the drug use doesn’t affect the employee’s work performance, then he shouldn’t be tested. If he is tested and the result is positive, but work performance is satisfactory, then drug use should not be considered as grounds for termination. Perhaps a better way to state this could be that as long as employee performance meets or exceeds the expected standards, then drug testing should not be used even if drug use is suspected. Egoism can be used to argue from both points of view. According to this theory, â€Å"an act is morally right if and only if it best promotes an agent’s interests† (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p59). Following this theory, if the employer drug tests several employees and fires all who test positive, then they are acting in their best interests. On the other hand, if the employee’s best interests are served through their drug usage, then the employee has acted in the best moral way that he can. Using this theory does however raise some interesting questions. If the best possible person for a specific job is fired as a result of a drug test result, and the company’s performance in that specific department falls as a result of this, then was the action a morally right one? From a personal point of view, I believe that drug testing should be used only if the job requirements demand it. I don’t see any need for the person who picks up my garbage to be tested. I do however see a need for the school crossing guard at my children’s school to be tested. The person who shovels the snow from my driveway in the winter and mows my lawn in the spring and summer doesn’t need to be drug tested. My doctor should be. Several years ago my husband and I had a spat over my decision to hire the town drunk to do some lawn work and prune some tree branches off our roof. In all fairness I had no idea that he was the town drunk when I hired him, I was out in our backyard picking up fallen branches and he walked by at that moment. He asked if I had any odd jobs to be done and since he came across as clean and presentable and lucid I hired him on the spot. It wasn’t until three weeks later when my husband came home early and saw Bruce (the town drunk) at the top of a 50 foot tree sawing branches off that he realized who his new handyman was. Since he was usually the one on call at night whenever Bruce had one of his â€Å"benders† and had had cleaned him up several times, he now knew where Bruce was getting his drinking money from. My husband came home and told me he’d fired him. I rehired Bruce a day later. My reasoning was that he’d never shown up drunk, he did a great job on any task I set for him and his fee was reasonable. It was within my best interests to keep Bruce employed therefore I was acting as an egoist. It was within Bruce’s best interests to remain employed since it gave him the money to support his habit. He was acting as an egoist. We were both also following the theory of Libertarianism under which each person is free to live as he or she wishes â€Å"free from the interference of others† (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p122). My husband in his decision to fire Bruce was also acting partially from an egoist point of view since an unemployed Bruce meant a sober Bruce which meant no trips to the ER which meant that my husband wouldn’t have to deal with a cursing, screaming, bloody drunk Bruce. At the same time he was also acting from Kant’s theory which states that â€Å"Only when we act from a sense of duty does our action have moral worth† (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p69). My husband felt that it was his duty as a member of the medical profession, not to enable a habit that could possibly cause harm to an individual. A high incidence of false positive results in drug testing is another reason for the argument that drug testing should not be used. In researching this paper I was surprised to learn how many over the counter drugs can produce false positive results. According to an article on The National Center for Biotechnology Information website entitled â€Å"Commonly prescribed medications and potential false positive urine drug screens† published Aug 15th 2010, â€Å"A number of routinely prescribed medications have been associated with triggering false-positive UDS results. Verification of the test results with a different screening test or additional analytical tests should be performed to avoid adverse consequences for the patients. † Some of the more common drugs that could produce false positive results were nonprescription nasal inhalers such as Vicks, antihistamines, antidepressants, and antibiotics such as Amoxicillin which has been associated with false positive urine screens for cocaine. Employers should not be able to question or test employees about other behaviors that they might consider health threatening. This is a rather grey area and raises the questions of where to draw the line. For example if a company which is trying to reduce health insurance costs, decides to eliminate all smokers from their payroll since it costs more to insure smokers, shouldn’t they then eliminate overweight employees who are more likely to develop health problems than fit ones? What about employees with pre-existing conditions such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure or kidney problems? Shouldn’t they be eliminated as well? Should employers be allowed to use polygraph tests to â€Å"screen† out potentially costly employees who may engage in illegal drug use or any of these activities? The polygraph test, or as it is more commonly known, the lie detector test measures several physiological with in the human body such as increased blood pressure, increased pulse and respiration. However in spite of what most people believe it is not the most reliable test. Shaw and Barry in their text Moral Issues in Business list three assumptions made by those who advocate for the use of these tests. These assumptions are *  1.  Lying will automatically trigger a distinctive response to the question. * 2. Polygraphs are very accurate. * 3. Polygraphs cannot be beaten. (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p480). Unfortunately for these advocates while the polygraph test measures bodily responses to questions it cannot indicate whether or not the response is actually a lie. A person who has a history of being abused may register different reactions to questions along that subject area and all that these reactions may indicate is discomfort to the question not necessarily that the response to the question itself is a lie. Opinions vary as to just how accurate the tests are with the percentages ranging from 90% to as low as 55%, the higher percentages coming not surprisingly from the American Polygraph Association. Finally polygraph tests can be beaten and even generate false positives. Spies John Walker and Aldrich Ames both passed polygraph tests as did Gary Ridgeway the â€Å"Green Killer†. Ames actually passed two different polygraph tests. Since these tests are costly, using them as a screening method for either new hires or present employees may not be the best solution and should be considered on a case by case basis. Other methods should be used before resorting to polygraphs testing such as drug testing which may indicate previous drug use (although as has been mentioned earlier some false positive results may occur) or even background tests which may turn up questionable incidents. If during the course of these two checks questions are raised about the employee or new hire, then the employer could resort to the use of a polygraph. It could be argued that utilizing either or both of these two other methods is even more costly to the employers but I would say that any employer who needs to use a polygraph test to weed out potentially costly employees could afford to administer the extra tests to be absolutely sure. Fortunately for most employees, the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 which protects the rights of employees and outlines the usage and restrictions of lie detector tests states: â€Å"The EPPA prohibits most private employers from using lie detector tests, either for preemployment screening or during the course of employment. Employers generally may not require or request any employee or job applicant to take a lie detector test, or discharge, discipline, or discriminate against an employee or job applicant for refusing to take a test or for exercising other rights under the Act†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It then goes on to outline just which employers are permitted to utilize lie detector tests †¦ â€Å"Subject to restrictions, the Act permits polygraph (a type of lie detector) tests to be administered to certain job applicants of security service firms (armored car, alarm, and guard) and of pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors, and dispensers. Subject to restrictions, the Act also permits polygraph testing of certain employees of private firms who are reasonably suspected of involvement in a workplace incident (theft, embezzlement, etc. ) that resulted in specific economic loss or injury to the employer. † (United States Department of Labor website) My argument to using a polygraph test therefore would be that assuming that the employer fell into one of these categories then yes they should be permitted to utilize lie detector tests but only as a last resort. I submit this argument using the rule utilitarianism theory. This is not to be confused with act utilitarianism. Under act utilitarianism, â€Å"we ask must ask ourselves what the consequences of a particular act in a particular situation will be for all those affected. If its consequences bring more total good than those of any alternative course of action, then this action is the right one† (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p63) The action that produces the greatest amount of happiness is the right one. Rule utilitarianism asks â€Å"what moral code †¦ a society should adopt to maximize happiness. The principles that make up that code would then be the basis for distinguishing right actions from wrong actions† (Shaw & Barry, 2010 p80-81). Under act utilitarianism, if 20 employees were polygraphed and 15 of them failed the test and were fired as a result, then the action would not be a moral one since more people would be left unhappy rather than happy. Using those same figures, if the rule or moral code that needed to be followed was that of a no drug policy, and the same 20 employees were polygraphed and again 15 failed and were fired, then the action would be a morally right one since firing the 15 employees made sure that the moral code was enforced. References http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689123 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph_test http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/eppa.htm#who

Parliament as a Check on Government - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2548 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Government Essay Political Essay Did you like this example? Scrutinising the executive is one of the imperative duties of the UK Parliament. It à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"seeks to limit and control the exercise of power by making those who hold the power- the executive- directly and constitutionally responsible to the legislatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[1] Thus, it monitors power balance by implementing adequate checks and balances of the activities undertaken by the executive. Such measures subjecting the government to different, critical types of scrutiny are necessary to form a coherent, effective and stable authority in a democratic society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Parliament as a Check on Government" essay for you Create order However, this is not always the case since various factors prevent the Parliament from scrutinising the executive effectively. This essay will firstly focus on explaining the role of Parliament in terms of the doctrine of separation of powers and the opportunities it has to hold the government to account. Furthermore, I intend to demonstrate numerous weaknesses of the mechanisms used to control the exercise of power and, finally, suggest possible measures strengthening the process of scrutiny undertaken by the Parliament. In order to explain and fully understand the constitutional role of Parliament, its powers and responsibilities, it is essential to consider the composition of parliamentary system inside which the machine of government operates. In the UK, Commonwealth countries, and many other nations, Parliament is the highest authority[2] whereas the Government, also known as the executive, is the institution in charge of Governing a country. Parliament can be identified as a bi-cameral legislature composed of the lower house, The House of Commons, which holds the decision making autonomy, and the House of Lords, upper chamber of Parliament with a limited legislative power, working inter alia as a check on the powers exercised by the government. In theory, not only does the bi-cameral legislature exist to ensure democratically created policy and legislation but also to safeguard the country from the autocracy or the rise of dictatorships. Separation of powers becomes a fundamental tool for avoiding the emergence of such dangers. Locke stated in his Second Treatise of Civil Government: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"it may be too great a temptation to human frailtyfor the same persons who have the power of making laws, to have also their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from obedience to the laws they make, and suit the law, both in its making and execution, to their own private advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[3] The idea behind the doctr ine of separation of powers seeks to ensure no arbitrary abuse of powers and therefore stresses the importance of the role Parliament plays in scrutinising the executive as well as the need for implementing appropriate checks and balances. Nevertheless, there is no strict separation of powers in UK since the government and Parliament often work together particularly in developing laws. Complete absence of cooperation between the three limbs of the government could result in a constitutional deadlock and therefore, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"complete separation of powers is possible neither in theory nor in practice.'[4] The collaboration between the legislature and the executive does not mean that parliament should soften its efforts of scrutinizing the government. Robustly scrutinizing the executive indicates that the nation is strictly adhering to the principles of democracy[5]. The government must be accountable and responsible to the citizens it governs. Therefore, in the UK and other es tablished democracies, Parliament scrutinizes the executive through various tools outlined in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitution and other set regulatory systems[6]. The most common mechanisms adopted by the Parliament are debates, ministerial questions and select committee. The debates taking place in the House of Commons look at the government policy as well as general issues of national and international importance. Parliament can call Ministers to account by forcing them to explain their actions on behalf of the public whereas backbenchers are given an opportunity to question and suggest alternatives to the proposed government policies[7]. The more controversial issues discussed during the parliamentary debates can arguably attract significant media attention[8]which may be beneficial for the scrutiny of the executive process since it encourages public participation. However, whilst debate is an essential part in pursuing governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accountability by compelling Ministers to justify their positions[9], it has a limited value and does not constitute a sufficient scrutiny of the Government. Generally, MPs are informed of the topic of discussions beforehand, thus they usually can prepare a generic answer. Furthermore, it should also be noted that the objective of holding debates is often undermined by a large influence of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"whips and members of the leading party resulting in a smaller number of defeats for the governing party. This method of scrutiny, therefore, may serve as an outset or aid a general executive check-ups. Introducing a person or body directly responsible for keeping the right order of the debate and ensuring it does not turn into political argues might enhance the effectiveness of this method. Issues that require deeper attention should be examined using another scrutinizing mechanism, such as Parliamentary questions. It may either be in oral or written form. All ministers are expected to atte nd question time at least once every four weeks on the rota basis[10]. The purpose of parliamentary questions, according to Erskine May, is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"obtain information or to press for actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[11]. Constitutional obligation imposed on ministers to provide truthful information with regards to fulfilling their ministerial duties is an effective way of ensuring that they are au fait with the activities undertaken in their department. In practice, however, not only are ministers notified of questions allowing them to prepare answers beforehand but are also required to discuss the matters relating only to the area of their responsibility and refuse to disclose anything that would not be of public interest[12]. There is also the Prime Minister Questioning time occurring on Wednesdays, which theoretically is an effective way of scrutinizing the executive since the Prime Minister is the head of the executive. In practice, though, questions from the opposition MPs ar e put forward to the Prime Minister in advance of the question time, allowing him to consult it with his cabinet colleagues and to prepare the appropriate answer. Hence, it would rather be wrong to imply that this mean of scrutiny is fully effective in bringing the activities of the government to account.According to Tomkins, the effectiveness of oral parliamentary questions in scrutinizing the executive and hence testing and ensuring accountability is doubtful[13]. While answers to written questions may not enjoy high media publicity as that received by oral and other parliamentary debates, the executive has sufficient time to provide all the necessary information. However, in reality ministers tend to often reveal no more than it is necessary. Fortunately, the Scott inquiry report prompted the legislature to adopt various reforms that guided how executive departments should draft answers to parliamentary question to ensure their credibility[14]. Some of the reforms taken were ensu ring the House of Common Select Committee on Public Administration performs annual inquiry on Ministersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answers to various parliamentary questions to ensure they answer as per the set guidelines. The committee then publishes report, highlighting some of the improvements already made in the answering of the question and recommending those areas that still need to be looked at[15]. Generally, the committee has continued to play a significant role in ensuring the executive is open enough to guarantee political accountability. Their efforts guarantee that parliamentary questions act as an effective tool of scrutinizing the executive. It has increased the effectiveness to an extent whereby the parliament may use this mechanism to force the executive to disclose information it would have otherwise preferred not to disclose[16]. Select committee is the third mechanism that parliament has at its disposal to further pursue the accountability of the executive. They are de fined in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the New British Politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as: Committees of the House of Commons and the House of Lords that consider general political issues which are wider than a particular piece of legislation[17]. Thus, they are mainly focusing on monitoring and scrutinising the executive duties of policy creation and implementation by government rather than only its legislative functions. The structure of select committees continues to be the same until the time when a new government is elected, in which case the existing members are replaced in order to reflect the change in government. For the fact that select committees focus on specific policy areas, it can be suggested that they are a form of an extremely useful mechanism available in scrutinising particular areas of the policy making process. A unique attribute of these committees is the fact that they are largely comprised of backbenchers, Members of Parliament. The composition of the members of the committee reflects the general composition of the House of Commons. This is arguably one of the fundamental weaknesses of the select committee since it allows the Government majority to dominate the minority. The small size nature of the select committee is, however, a positive attribute. It allows for a small manageable group of MPs to develop specialized and detailed knowledge on important aspects of Government administration[18]. There is sufficient evidence to prove that the select committee system is the most efficient mechanism used by Parliament to scrutinize the executive. In fact, the introduction of the select committee system has been cited as the most notable parliamentary reform of the twentieth century[19]. It, therefore, follows without saying that strengthening Parliamentary committees, especially the select committees, is one of the most effectual ways of enhancing the parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s abilities to scrutinize the government. The question that now begs for an a nswer is how to strengthened parliamentary committees, particularly the select committee. The Liaison Committee in 2000 suggested some of the reforms that could be undertaken to enhance the effectiveness of select commitees in performing their scrutiny role[20]. These suggestions included remunerating the chair of the committee, reducing the power of the whip by removing his/her power to choose committee members, granting committee adequate resources, and ensuring committees follow up on executives to ensure their recommendation and direction for guaranteeing accountability are being implemented[21]. So far, most of Liaison Committeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recommendations for reforms have been adopted[22]. Going forward, reforms that strengthen parliamentary committee should be adopted regularly. The committees are likely to be strong if the turnover rate of its members and chair is low. Therefore, measure that ensures committee chair and members have incentives to work for a long pe riod in the committee should be adopted. The ability of the committee to conduct research and acquire crucial information should also be enhanced. This can be done by training and providing committee with sufficient resources needed to acquire the necessary expertise even from external sources. Also very important is ensuring the committees receive quality and accurate information about executive governance in an easily accessible manner, otherwise an effective committee may not achieve its full potential. The transparency and accessibility of this information can be guaranteed by applying laws that compel the Government to provide such information without any hesitation. All loopholes the executive might use to conceal essential information from the parliament must be eliminated[23]. Parliament should also work with other stakeholders in scrutinizing the executive[24]. Such stakeholders include civil society, the media, electorate, and the public since they might be an import ant source of crucial information concerning the performance of the executive. They might also have expertise that might not be at the disposal of parliament. Therefore, they could uncover executive issue more easily than parliament. Such collaboration could provide useful information that might act as basis for conducting further scrutiny on certain functions of the Government. In conclusion, scrutinizing the executive is arguably the main role of the parliament. Performing this role effectively is an indication of a democratic nation. There are many ways available for the parliament to exercise its role and since they supplement each other, we should stress the importance of all of them. However, evidence presented in the essay shows numerous deficiencies in this process preventing Parliament from effectively controlling the exercise of the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power. The tendency of ministers to give, previously prepared, generic answers to questions during debates an d question times undermines the value of this scrutinising medium which calls for implementation of an element of surprise forcing ministers to answer questions spontaneously. It seems to be clear also that the ability of the legislature to hold the executive to account and closely examine the policy making process depends largely on the size of the governments majority in the Parliament[25]. Similarly, same problem arises with select committee members who are chosen by the Prime Minister and whose power tends to be enjoyed by the backbenchers making the outcome of the decisions favourable for the leading party. The Select Committee, however, arguably is the most effective method used by Parliament because it allows for a deeper scrutiny of political accountability issues. It seems apparent that there is a need for enhancing Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capacity to hold the government to account, therefore, to make them even more effective, appropriate measures strengthening the pr ocess of scrutiny should be adopted. Perhaps, introducing independent person or body to make sure debates and question times are carried out more effectively and as a result enhancing the input of this methods in controlling the exercise of the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power, could be a good starting point. Bibliography A W Bradley, K D Ewing,Constitutional and Administrative Law(14th, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow 2007) p.87 Erskine Mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treatise on the Law, Privilege, Proceedings and usage of Parliament (24th edn)( London: LexisNexis, 2011), p. 358. I, Budge, I Crewe, D McKay, K Newton,The New British Politics(14th, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow 2007) 425 J. Levy. Strengthening Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Power of Scrutiny? An assessment of the introduction of Public Bill Committees, (London, University College London, 2009),15 Michael Rush,Parliament Today(1st edn, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2005) p.3 Roger Master man, Colin Murray,Exploring Constitutional and Administrative Law(1st, Pearson, Harlow 2013) 606 Philip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth,The Commons in Perspective(1st, Longman, 1981) 119 Parliament, Parliament and Government (parliament.uk 2014) lt;https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/parliament-governmentgt; accessed 22 December 2014 Second Treatise of Civil Government John Locke (1690), Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law By Brian Thompson, Michael Gordon p.27 [1] Michael Rush,Parliament Today(1st edn, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2005) p.3 [2] Parliament, Parliament and Government (parliament.uk 2014) lt;https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/parliament-governmentgt; accessed 22 December 2014 [3] Second Treatise of Civil Government John Locke (1690), Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law By Brian Thompson, Michael Gordon p.27 [4] A W Bradley, K D Ewing,Constitutional and Administrative Law(14th, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow 2007) p.87 [5] Parliament, op.cit. [6] Adam Tomkins, Public Law (1st edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 160 [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Philip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth,The Commons in Perspective(1st, Longman, 1981) 119 [10] Tomkins, op. cit. [11] Erskine Mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Treatise on the Law, Privilege, Proceedings and usage of Parliament (24th edn)( London: LexisNexis, 2011), p. 358. [12] Roger Masterman, Colin Murray,Expl oring Constitutional and Administrative Law(1st, Pearson, Harlow 2013) 606 [13] Tomkins, op.cit., 161 [14] ibid [15] Ibid 161 [16] Ibid 161 [17] I, Budge, I Crewe, D McKay, K Newton,The New British Politics(14th, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow 2007) 425 [18] Tomkins, op. cit. 162 [19] J. Levy. Strengthening Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Power of Scrutiny? An assessment of the introduction of Public Bill Committees, (London, University College London, 2009),15 [20] Tomkins, op.cit. 166 [21] Tomkins, op. cit., 167 [22] Tomkins op. cit., 168 [23] Levy, op. cit., 17 [24] Levy, op. cit., 17 [25] Masterman, op. cit. 606